By using toLocaleTimeString() :
let time = "11:40:22 PM";
let date = new Date(`01/01/2022 ${time}`);
let formattedTime = date.toLocaleTimeString('en-GB')
console.log(formattedTime)
// 23:40:22
Explanation :
1. time = "11:40:22 PM"
2. date = 2022-01-01T23:40:22.000Z (we can give any date as we are converting only time)
3. formattedTime = 23:40:22 ("en-GB" means 24-hour time without AM/PM)