Author: Learners Store

GraphQL WebSocketLink Explained: What It Is, Why We Need It, and When to Use It

Modern applications expect real-time updates—chat messages, live notifications, stock prices, order status, and dashboards that update instantly.
In GraphQL, this real-time capability is enabled using WebSocketLink.

This article explains what WebSocketLink is, why it is needed, and when you should use it, in simple terms.

What Is WebSocketLink in GraphQL?

WebSocketLink is a GraphQL link that allows communication between the client and server using WebSockets instead of HTTP.

In simple words:

WebSocketLink enables real-time, two-way communication for GraphQL operations—mainly subscriptions.

Unlike HTTP requests (which are one-time and stateless), WebSockets keep a persistent connection open between the client and server.

Why HTTP Is Not Enough for Real-Time GraphQL

How Normal GraphQL Works (HTTP)

  • Client sends a request
  • Server responds
  • Connection closes

This works well for:

  • Queries
  • Mutations

❌ But it fails for real-time updates.

Example Problem Without WebSocketLink

Suppose you build a chat application:

  • User A sends a message
  • User B should receive it instantly

With HTTP:

  • Client must poll the server every few seconds
  • This wastes bandwidth and increases latency

👉 WebSocketLink solves this problem.

Why We Need WebSocketLink

1. Enables GraphQL Subscriptions

GraphQL has three operation types:

  1. Query – Fetch data
  2. Mutation – Change data
  3. Subscription – Listen to real-time data

👉 Subscriptions require a persistent connection, which HTTP cannot provide efficiently.

2. Real-Time Data Push (Server → Client)

With WebSocketLink:

  • Server can push data automatically
  • Client doesn’t need to request repeatedly

Examples:

  • Live chat messages
  • Notifications
  • Live stock prices
  • Real-time dashboards

3. Better Performance & Lower Network Load

  • No repeated HTTP requests
  • Less bandwidth usage
  • Faster updates

How WebSocketLink Works (Simple Flow)

  1. Client opens a WebSocket connection
  2. Connection stays alive
  3. Client subscribes to an event
  4. Server sends updates whenever data changes
  5. Client receives updates instantly

👉 One connection, many updates.

When Should You Use WebSocketLink?

Use WebSocketLink When You Need:

  • Real-time updates
  • Instant UI refresh
  • Server-driven data updates

Common Use Cases

Use CaseWhy WebSocketLink
Chat applicationsInstant messages
NotificationsLive alerts
Stock market appsLive price updates
Online gamingReal-time game state
Collaboration toolsLive edits
Trading dashboardsContinuous data streams

When You Should NOT Use WebSocketLink

❌ If your app only needs:

  • Static data
  • Rare updates
  • Simple CRUD operations

👉 Normal HTTP GraphQL is enough.

WebSocketLink vs HTTPLink (Quick Comparison)

FeatureHTTPLinkWebSocketLink
ConnectionOne-timePersistent
Real-time❌ No✅ Yes
Best forQueries & MutationsSubscriptions
PerformanceMediumHigh for live data

How WebSocketLink Is Used in Real Projects

In most applications:

  • HTTPLink → Queries & Mutations
  • WebSocketLink → Subscriptions

Both links work together using link splitting.

Example (conceptual):

  • Query → HTTP
  • Mutation → HTTP
  • Subscription → WebSocket

👉 This is the recommended production setup.

Advantages of Using WebSocketLink

  • Real-time data updates
  • Reduced server load
  • Better user experience
  • Faster response times
  • Ideal for modern apps

Challenges & Things to Consider

  • Connection management
  • Authentication handling
  • Reconnection logic
  • Scaling WebSocket servers

👉 These are manageable with proper setup.

Final Conclusion

WebSocketLink is essential for real-time GraphQL applications.

If your application needs:

  • Live updates
  • Instant feedback
  • Server-pushed data

Then WebSocketLink + GraphQL Subscriptions is the right solution.

Queries fetch data.
Mutations change data.
Subscriptions listen to data.

And WebSocketLink makes subscriptions possible.

How ChatGPT Was Developed: Technologies Used & What Freshers Should Learn to Build AI Like ChatGPT

Artificial Intelligence is transforming the software industry, and ChatGPT is one of the best examples of this revolution. Many students and freshers wonder:
👉 How was ChatGPT developed?
👉 What technologies are used behind ChatGPT?
👉 Can a fresher build something like ChatGPT?

This article answers all these questions in simple language, step by step.

What Is ChatGPT? (Simple Explanation)

ChatGPT is an AI-powered conversational model that understands human language and generates meaningful responses.

In simple words:

  • It reads your question
  • Understands the context
  • Predicts the best possible answer

ChatGPT does not think like a human. It works by predicting the next word based on patterns learned from massive data.

How ChatGPT Was Developed (Step-by-Step)

ChatGPT was built using multiple layers of technology and years of research.

1. Massive Data Collection

ChatGPT was trained using:

  • Books
  • Websites
  • Articles
  • Programming code
  • Publicly available text

Why this matters:
More data = better understanding of language, logic, and context.

2. Large Language Model (LLM)

At the core of ChatGPT is a Large Language Model (LLM).

Its job is to:

  • Predict the next word in a sentence
  • Understand sentence structure
  • Recognize meaning and intent

Example:

“JavaScript is a _____ language”
ChatGPT predicts: programming

3. Transformer Architecture (Heart of ChatGPT)

ChatGPT is built using Transformer architecture.

Key feature:

  • Attention mechanism – helps the model focus on important words

Example:

“The book on the table is mine”
The model understands “mine” refers to “book”, not “table”.

4. Training Using GPUs & Distributed Systems

Training ChatGPT requires:

  • Thousands of GPUs
  • Parallel processing
  • Distributed computing
  • Huge memory & storage

👉 This is why ChatGPT-scale models cannot be built on personal laptops.

5. Human Feedback (RLHF)

After training:

  • Humans reviewed answers
  • Good answers were rewarded
  • Wrong or unsafe answers were penalized

This process is called:
Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF)

This step improves:

  • Accuracy
  • Safety
  • Usefulness

Technologies Used to Build ChatGPT

Here’s a simplified tech stack behind ChatGPT.

Core AI & Machine Learning Technologies

  • Python
  • PyTorch
  • Neural Networks
  • Transformers
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP)

NLP Technologies

  • Tokenization
  • Word embeddings
  • Language modeling
  • Context understanding

Libraries:

  • Hugging Face
  • spaCy
  • NLTK

Backend & Infrastructure

  • Cloud computing
  • GPUs (CUDA)
  • Distributed systems
  • REST APIs
  • Load balancing
  • Monitoring & logging

Can a Fresher Build ChatGPT?

Honest Answer:

❌ Not at ChatGPT’s scale
✅ Yes, a mini AI chatbot or language model

Every AI engineer starts small.

What Freshers Should Learn to Build ChatGPT-Like Systems

1. Programming Fundamentals (Most Important)

Start with:

  • Python
  • Data Structures & Algorithms
  • OOP concepts
  • Logical thinking

👉 AI without fundamentals is useless.

2. Machine Learning Basics

Learn:

  • What is Machine Learning?
  • Supervised vs Unsupervised learning
  • Training vs Testing data
  • Model accuracy & overfitting

Tools:

  • NumPy
  • Pandas
  • Scikit-learn

3. Deep Learning Concepts

Focus on:

  • Neural networks
  • Loss functions
  • Backpropagation
  • Model training

Frameworks:

  • PyTorch (recommended)
  • TensorFlow (optional)

4. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Key concepts:

  • Tokenization
  • Text embeddings
  • Language models
  • Text classification

5. Transformers & GPT Basics

Understand:

  • Self-attention
  • Encoder & decoder
  • GPT architecture overview

👉 You don’t need to invent it—just understand how it works.

6. Build Real AI Projects

Examples:

  • AI chatbot using pre-trained models
  • Resume screening tool
  • Question-answering system
  • Code assistant

👉 Projects matter more than certificates.

7. Backend & Deployment Skills

To make AI usable:

  • REST APIs (Flask / FastAPI / Node.js)
  • Databases
  • Cloud basics (AWS / GCP / Azure)
  • Docker

What Freshers Should NOT Do

❌ Don’t try to build ChatGPT from scratch
❌ Don’t skip fundamentals
❌ Don’t blindly depend on AI tools
❌ Don’t chase hype without understanding basics

Why Learning ChatGPT Technology Is Important for the Future

  • AI will assist developers, not replace them
  • Developers who understand AI will grow faster
  • AI + fundamentals = job security

Final Conclusion

ChatGPT is not built using a single tool or shortcut.
It is the result of:

  • Strong fundamentals
  • Advanced AI research
  • Scalable infrastructure
  • Human feedback

For freshers:

Learn step by step. Build small. Think big.

Today you use ChatGPT.
Tomorrow you can build the technology behind it.

How to Save Your Job in the AI Era (What to Learn & Focus On)

AI is changing how we work, not completely replacing who works. In the software industry, jobs are not disappearing—they are evolving. The safest professionals are those who combine technical depth, problem-solving, and human judgment.

Let’s break it down simply.

1. Strong Fundamentals Are Non-Negotiable (AI Can’t Replace This)

AI can generate code, but it cannot think clearly without your direction.

Must-have fundamentals:

  • Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA) – thinking, not memorization
  • OOP & Design Principles
  • Databases (SQL + basic NoSQL)
  • Operating Systems & Networking basics

👉 Why it matters:
AI writes code faster, but you decide what to build, how to structure it, and how to fix it when it breaks.

2. Problem Solving > Programming Languages

Languages change. Thinking doesn’t.

Instead of:

“I know React / Java / Python”

Focus on:

“I can break complex problems into simple solutions”

Skills to practice:

  • Reading requirements clearly
  • Converting business problems into technical solutions
  • Debugging and root-cause analysis

👉 AI gives answers. Humans ask the right questions.

3. Learn to Work WITH AI, Not Compete Against It

AI is a developer assistant, not a replacement.

Learn:

  • How to prompt AI effectively
  • How to review, optimize, and secure AI-generated code
  • How to combine AI tools into your workflow

Examples:

  • Use AI to write boilerplate
  • You focus on logic, performance, security, and scalability

👉 The future developer is “AI-augmented”, not AI-replaced.

4. System Design & Architecture (High-Value Skill)

AI struggles with real-world trade-offs.

Focus areas:

  • System design basics (scalability, availability, consistency)
  • Microservices vs Monolith decisions
  • API design
  • Performance optimization

👉 This is where experienced engineers remain irreplaceable.

5. Cloud, DevOps & Production Knowledge

AI can’t own production responsibility.

Learn:

  • Cloud basics (AWS / Azure / GCP)
  • Docker & CI/CD
  • Monitoring, logging, deployments
  • Cost optimization

👉 People who run systems = people who stay employed.

6. Domain Knowledge Is a Superpower

AI knows code.
You must know the business.

Examples:

  • FinTech → payments, compliance, risk
  • HealthTech → data privacy, workflows
  • EdTech → learning models, user behavior

👉 Engineers who understand the domain become decision-makers, not replaceable resources.

7. Soft Skills Will Matter More Than Ever

AI can’t:

  • Explain solutions to clients
  • Mentor juniors
  • Take ownership
  • Make ethical decisions

Improve:

  • Communication
  • Ownership mindset
  • Collaboration
  • Teaching & mentoring

👉 Promotions happen here, not in syntax knowledge.

What Should Freshers Focus On?

  • Strong fundamentals (DSA, DB, basics)
  • One core tech stack (not 10 frameworks)
  • Build real projects
  • Learn AI tools as assistants

❌ Don’t chase every trending tool.

What Should Experienced Professionals Focus On?

  • System design & architecture
  • Business understanding
  • Leadership & decision making
  • Using AI to multiply productivity

❌ Don’t get stuck only writing CRUD APIs.

Final Thought

AI will not take your job.
Someone using AI + strong fundamentals will.

The safest path in the IT industry is:
Think better, design better, decide better.

Why JavaScript Promise Executes Before setTimeout (Event Loop Explained) ?

Many JavaScript developers expect setTimeout(fn, 0) to run before everything else.

But when Promise and setTimeout are together, the output often surprises people.

Let’s understand this using a simple quiz example and a step-by-step explanation.

📌 The Code (Quiz Question)

console.log("Start");

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("Timeout");
}, 0);

Promise.resolve().then(() => {
  console.log("Promise");
});

console.log("End");

❓ Question:

What will be the output?

A) Start End Timeout Promise
B) Start Promise End Timeout
C) Start End Promise Timeout
D) Start Timeout Promise End

✅ Correct Answer: C) Start End Promise Timeout

🧠 Step-by-Step Execution (Very Important)

To understand this output, you need to know how JavaScript event loop works.

JavaScript uses:

  • Call Stack
  • Microtask Queue
  • Task Queue
  • Event Loop

Let’s go line by line.

🔹 Step 1: Synchronous Code Runs First

console.log("Start");

➡️ Output:

Start

🔹 Step 2: setTimeout Goes to Task Queue

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("Timeout");
}, 0);

Even with 0ms, the callback:

  • Does NOT execute immediately
  • Goes to the Task Queue

🔹 Step 3: Promise Goes to Microtask Queue

Promise.resolve().then(() => {
  console.log("Promise");
});

This callback goes into the Microtask Queue.

⚠️ Important:

Microtasks always have higher priority than tasks.

🔹 Step 4: Continue Synchronous Code

console.log("End");

➡️ Output so far:

Start
End

🔹 Step 5: Event Loop Priority Rules

After synchronous code finishes:

1️⃣ Event loop executes all microtasks first
2️⃣ Then executes tasks (setTimeout)

So execution order:

  • Promise callback
  • setTimeout callback

🧾 Final Output

Start
End
Promise
Timeout

✔️ Correct option: C

⚡ Key Rule to Remember (Interview Gold)

Microtasks (Promises) always run before Macrotasks (setTimeout).

🧠 Simple Real-World Analogy

Imagine a company office 🏢

  • Regular tasks → Emails (setTimeout)
  • Urgent tasks → Phone calls (Promise)

Even if email is scheduled early, phone calls are answered first.

👉 Promise = urgent
👉 setTimeout = regular

❌ Common Misunderstanding

❌ setTimeout(fn, 0) runs immediately
❌ Promise waits for setTimeout

✅ Truth:

  • Promise → Microtask queue
  • setTimeout → Task queue
  • Microtasks always win

🎯 Interview Tip

If asked:

“Why does Promise execute before setTimeout?”

Answer:

Because Promise callbacks go into the microtask queue, and the event loop always processes microtasks before macrotasks.

Why setTimeout(fn, 0) Does NOT Run Immediately in JavaScript ?

Many JavaScript beginners believe that setTimeout(fn, 0) means the function will run immediately.

But that is not true.

Let’s understand this with a very simple example and a step-by-step explanation.

📌 The Code (Quiz Question)

console.log("A");

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("B");
}, 0);

console.log("C");

❓ Question:

What will be the output?

A) A B C
B) A C B
C) B A C
D) A C

✅ Correct Answer: B) A C B

🧠 Step-by-Step Explanation (Very Important)

To understand this, you need to know how JavaScript executes code.

JavaScript has:

  • Call Stack
  • Task Queue (Callback Queue)
  • Event Loop

Don’t worry — we’ll keep it simple.

🔹 Step 1: Synchronous Code Runs First

JavaScript executes synchronous code line by line.

console.log("A");

➡️ "A" is printed immediately.

🔹 Step 2: setTimeout is NOT Executed Immediately

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("B");
}, 0);

Even though the delay is 0, JavaScript does NOT execute this immediately.

Instead:

  • The callback is sent to the Task Queue
  • It waits there until the call stack is empty

❗ 0 means minimum delay, not instant execution

🔹 Step 3: Next Synchronous Line Executes

console.log("C");

➡️ "C" is printed immediately.

So far, output is:

A
C

🔹 Step 4: Event Loop Takes Control

Now:

  • Call stack is empty
  • Event loop checks the task queue
  • Executes the setTimeout callback
console.log("B");

➡️ "B" is printed last

🧾 Final Output

A
C
B

✔️ Correct option: B

⚠️ Common Mistake (Very Important)

❌ Many developers think:

setTimeout(fn, 0) = execute immediately

✅ Reality:

setTimeout(fn, 0) = execute after all synchronous code finishes

🎯 Interview Tip

If asked:

“Why does setTimeout(0) execute later?”

Say:

Because JavaScript executes synchronous code first, and setTimeout callbacks are placed in the task queue and executed only after the call stack is empty.